In my opinion, the biggest difference is in the I/O addressing.
The PLC-5 adopted the old Allen-Bradley Universal Remote I/O protocol that had been in use since the late 1970's in the PLC-2 and PLC-3 platforms. Because it was built around 8-channel I/O cards, RIO data tables use Octal (Base 8) addressing.
The bits on an I/O module are numbered 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.
This can get a little confusing because the rest of the 16-bit integer datatypes used by the PLC-5 are in Decimal (Base 10). The ninth bit of an Input module is "I:030/10", but the ninth bit of an Integer word is "N7:0/8".
Get the PLC-5 Instruction Set Reference and the User Manual for the variety of PLC-5 you are using (probably the "Enhanced and Ethernet Controllers User Guide"). Both are handy to have in hardcopy.
Other differences include the way Main Control Programs run (SLC has only Program File 2, but PLC-5 has MCP A through P) and the way interrupts work. The PLC-5 has very large communication buffers and I/O capacity, but lacks channel-to-channel passthrough. PID equations function slightly differently. The SLC is generally faster solving logic. PLC-5 has sequential function charts but they are seldom used.
But as you have seen, much of the instruction set and the RSLogix development environment are very similar, making it easy for Allen-Bradley programmers to move from one platform to another.