RS485 is a transmission standard (2 wire). RS485 is 4 wire. Modbus is a protocol. There are several flavours of Modbus. The most popular is still Modbus RTU.
Have a look at www.modbus.com for information about the various Modbus protocols.
Not really. I do not know much about Profibus but use Device Net regularly.
Here is a link to a site where most/all industrial networks are listed and described. There are also some good links here about the respective networks.
A quick analogy would be like this: RS-232,485 or whatever is the type of highway/road. Modbus is just a type of vheical used to transmit information on that road.