A test would be to wire a precision 500 ohm resistor (at least 1/2 watt) from the VOLTAGE input to common then wire the current signal also to that voltage input. The voltage drop across the 500 ohm resistor at 20 ma would provide 10 volts. (The 250 ohm resistor suggested by Balash would yield up to 5 vdc at the 20 ma point.)
Actually, disconnect from the input module and just wire the resistor from the analog output of the device to the 24 volt supply common then measure across it with varying temperatures. You should see a low to high voltage (max 10 volts) with higher temperatures. If this works out then attach the setup to the voltage input on the PLC.
Regarding possible damage, the PDF for the similar stand-alone card notes that possibility, especially if a voltage input was applied to the current terminal.