I know EXACTLY what your issue is...
DC Braking is totally DIFFERENT from Dynamic Braking, and it is only Dynamic Braking that uses the braking resistor! DC (Injection) Braking or DCIB means the VFD re-fires the transistors to pump DC into one winding of the motor, giving it a non-rotating magnetic field in the stator and the rotor attempts to follow it. DCIB then converts the kinetic energy in your spinning load into heat energy inside of the motor, so it should be avoided unless necessary. If you have to use it, you must count each Stop cycle as if it is a Start cycle when considering the "starts-per-hour" capability of the motor as well, otherwise you may burn it up.
Dynamic Braking is where the VFD keeps the motor energized so that the magnetic fields are still there, but lowers the frequency of the stator relative to the rotor so that your motor becomes an induction generator, pumping electricity back into the VFD. then once it is in the DC bus and raises the bus voltage above a threshold, that energy is shunted off into a resistor using a 7th transistor called a "braking chopper". So the kinetic energy of your load is REMOVED from the motor and put into the resistor to be burned off as heat.
Dynamic Braking can never completely stop a load however, because it suffers from the law of diminishing returns in that the slower the motor gets the less braking energy remains. So that's why VFDs include DCIB. You use Dynamic Braking to slow the motor down quickly without stressing the motor, then finish the job with DCIB once there is only a little kinetic energy left.
So you don't actually "turn on" Dynamic Braking, it's automatic. What you do is to set the Stop Mode to "Ramp", then set a very aggressively low ramp time. That will force the motor into regeneration and put the energy onto the DC bus. When the DC bus voltage increases above the threshold, the Brake Chopper transistor automatically fires to dump it into the resistor (if it's there).
In your case, you have Stop Mode 1 set for ramp, which is right, but you probably have too long of a ramp time set in parameter 142, which you don't show. The factory default is 10 seconds, but if your load has a Cost-to-Stop time of that or less, you will never see any Braking effects. If you want to stop it faster, the Decel ramp Time must be set at some value LOWER than the natural Coast time.
As to why your DCIB was not working (lucky for you because at those settings, you may have smoked something!): With the Stop Mode set to "Ramp", it is never going to employ the DC Braking, unless, in this case, you have some external input assigned to trigger "Stop Mode B". If you want to use DCIB at the end of your Dynamic Braking, set your Stop Mode to "Ramp to Hold" (a value of 2). Then for goodness sake, go back to 158 and TURN THAT DOWN! You likely need no more than about 10% of your motor FLA to finish stopping that, and set the DC Brake time to no longer than it takes to get it to fully stop. remember, DCIB is injecting HEAT into your motor windings.