That is more often referred to as max load, or max resistance, or max burden. It simply means that with the 24 VDC power supplied the transmitter will enable it to send a 4-20 mA signal through a circuit with a total resistance of 600 Ohms. That allows, for example, putting a chart recorder with 250 Ohms resistance and a PLC with 250 Ohms resistance on the input channel in the loop and the transmitter will be able to drive the signal through the loop.
If you exceed the max load for the transmitter your output signal will typically drop to zero mA.